Genghis Khan was a warrior and ruler of genius who, starting from obscure and insignificant beginnings, brought all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia under the rule of himself and his family in a rigidly disciplined military. Bestselling Books: Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, Indian Givers: How Native Americans Transformed the World, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire. Genghis Khan - Wikiquote. At military exercises I am always in front, and in time of battle am never behind. In the space of seven years I have succeeded in accomplishing a great work, and uniting the whole world in one empire. Genghis Khan (c. 1. He is also known as the first Great Khan or Khagan (Khan of Khans). Quotes without citations to published works can be suggested on the . In the space of seven years I have succeeded in accomplishing a great work and uniting the whole world in one Empire.
Find out more about the history of Genghis Khan, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com.As quoted in The Tyrants : 2. Years of Absolute Power and Corruption (2. Clive Foss, p. 5. ISBN 1. 90. 52. 04. If one must drink, then let one drink thrice a month, for more is bad. If one gets drunk twice a month, it is better; if one gets drunk once a month, that is better still; and if one doesn't drink at all, that is the best of all. As given in Rashid al- Din's Compendium of Chronicles (Jami' al- tawarikh) (. Yelu Chucai said this to Genghis Khan. Deliberate extermination of whole populations was contemplated and pursued by both Germany and Russia in the Eastern war. The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues. ISBN 9. 78- 5- 7. Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 9. Genghis Khan - Military Wiki. Genghis Khan (// or //,? After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed . These included raids or invasions of the Kara- Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern- day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large- scale slaughters of local populations. As a result Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present- day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia. When the Chinese Jin Dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1. Khabul Khan. This position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1. Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the Keraits. The few sources that provide insight into this period often conflict. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Tem. He was the third- oldest son of his father Yes. According to the Secret History, Temujin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temujin- . The name also suggests that they may have been descended from a family of blacksmiths. Yesukhei's clan was called Borjigin (. Because his father was a chieftain, as were his predecessors, Tem. This higher social standing made it easier to solicit help from and eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temujin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age, he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife B. Temujin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 1. Upon learning this, Temujin returned home to claim his father's position as chieftain of the tribe; however, his father's tribe refused to be led by a boy so young. They abandoned Hoelun and her children, leaving them without protection. Illustration from a 1. Jami' al- tawarikh manuscript. Jurchen inscription (1. Mongolia relating to Genghis Khan's alliance with the Jin against the Tatars. For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game hunted by Temujin and his brothers. It was during one hunting excursion that 1. Temujin killed his half- brother Behter during a fight which resulted from a dispute over hunting spoils. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temujin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard - the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice. Temujin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption and continuing acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temujin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1. Despite speculation over Jochi, B. Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan. But their friendship was tested later in life, when Temujin was fighting to become a khan. Jamukha said this to Temujin before he was killed, ? On the contrary, sworn brother, in the black night I would haunt your dreams, in the bright day I would trouble your heart. I would be the louse in your collar, I would become the splinter in your door- panel.. Mongol lord. To do so, he consulted Buddhist monks, Muslims, Christian missionaries, and the Taoist monk Qiu Chuji. This relationship was first reinforced when B. In response, Toghrul offered his vassal 2. Kerait warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran. Temujin had become blood brother (anda) with Jamukha earlier, and they had vowed to remain eternally faithful. By 1. 19. 0, Temujin, his followers, and their advisors, had united the smaller Mongol confederation only. In his rule and his conquest of rival tribes, Temujin broke with Mongol tradition in a few crucial ways. He delegated authority based on merit and loyalty, rather than family ties. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Temujin stronger with each victory. He allegedly planned to assassinate Temujin. Toghrul, though allegedly saved on multiple occasions by Temujin, gave in to his son. This act led to the split between both factions, and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temujin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temujin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Kerait tribe. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temujin. In 1. 20. 1, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as G. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Tem. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well- known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temujin by his own men in 1. Temujin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one Sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponent's generals alive. The Naimans' defeat left Genghis Khan as the sole ruler of the Mongol plains – all the prominent confederations fell or united under Tem. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals as exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, as demonstrated by his measuring against the linchpin tactic used against the tribes led by Jamukha. It was a monumental feat for the . At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, he was acknowledged as . The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, . This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan. To its east and south was the Jin Dynasty, founded by the Manchurian Jurchens, who ruled northern China as well as being the traditional overlords of the Mongolian tribes for centuries. He correctly believed that the more powerful Jin Dynasty's young ruler would not come to the aid of Xi Xia. When the Tanguts requested help from the Jin Dynasty, they were refused. The commander of the Jin Dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming- Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred thousands of Jin troops. This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Kara- Khitan khanate and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin Dynasty. Therefore Genghis sent only two tumen (2. Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as . As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed.
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